Organs - Anatomy

The trachea is the structure through which air is transported to the bronchi and the lungs. Its superior border is the cricoid cartilage at the 6th cervical vertebra, and it ends with its bifurcation into the right and left main bronchi at the level of the sternal angle. The trachea is on average 9cm to 15cm long and is lined by hyaline cartilage that hold its shape.

While the other nerves do provide cutaneous sensation, they also innervate muscles in the upper and lower extremities. Of the nerves listed, the sural is the only that only has sensory functions; it provides cutaneous sensation to the lateral lower leg.

The trigeminal nerve is cranial nerve (CN) V, it has both sensory and motor functions including sensation of the face and scalp, and control of the muscles of mastication. CN XI is the accessory nerve, which has only motor functions, and innervates the muscles of the lateral and posterior neck. CN VI is the abducens nerve, which is a motor nerve that innervates the lateral rectus and controls eye movements. CN I is the olfactory nerve and involves the sense of olfaction.

The correct answer is the oculomotor nerve. In this case we are looking for a motor nerve that has something to do with the eye, letting us rule out both the olfactory (sensory) and facial (sensory and motor, but not of the eye) nerves. That leaves the oculomotor and optic nerves, however the optic nerve is solely sensory while the oculomotor nerve is a motor nerve.

In this case, we are looking for a nerve with both sensory and motor function, laving only the facial and vagus nerves, as the hypoglossal and trochlear nerves are solely motor. Only the facial nerve controls the muscles in the face making it the correct answer. It also controls the tension of the ossicles.

The olfactory nerve is responsible for the sensation of smell (olfaction). The optic nerve senses visual stimuli, The vestibulocochlear nerve is a sensory nerve that is responsible for proprioception and audition, the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI) is responsible for movement of the head and shoulders.

The accessory nerve innervates two large muscles: the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius. Both of them are located in the neck/upper back which is the location of the accessory nerve. The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique.

The vestibulocochlear nerve is a sensory nerve that runs through the internal auditory canal of the ear. The ear is responsible for both our hearing and our sense of balance/equilibrium. This means that the vestibulocochlear nerve is responsible for both hearing and balance. The sense of vision of carried out by the optic nerve.

The medial cord of the brachial plexus gives rise to two nerves in the superficial compartment of the upper arm. There are three possible nerves: musculocutaneous, median, and ulnar. The musculocutaneous nerve comes from the lateral cord, making the correct answer the median and ulnar nerves. The radial and axillary nerves come from the posterior cord.

The correct answer is the lateral cord. The medial cord gives rise to the ulnar and median nerves, the posterior cord feeds nerves in the deep compartment of the upper arm, and the middle cord is not a cord, it is a trunk.

The correct answer is the C5 root. The ulnar nerve is the most inferior nerve in the brachial plexus, meaning it would not arise from a root like C5 which is the most superior in the brachial plexus.

In the body, certain arteries come in pairs, meaning they have either a left and right, or an internal and external. Of the ones listed here, only the adrenal arteries have both a left and right, making it the correct answer. There is only one artery for each of the other answer choices.

The internal iliac artery is responsible for a number of branches including:the iliolumbar, lateral sacral, superior gluteal, obturator, inferior gluteal, umbilical, uterine, vaginal, inferior vesical, middle rectal, and internal pudendal arteries.

The C6 spinal nerve passes through the intervertebral foramen between the fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae. There are eight cervical spinal nerves that exit above their associated vertebrae. In this case C6 exits between the vertebrae C5 and C6 (above C6 vertebrae). This is unique in comparison to the thoracic and lumbar spine where the nerves exit below their associated vertebrae.

The brachial plexus is divided into roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and terminal branches. There are three cords which are named the lateral, medial, and posterior because of their locations in the arm.

The brachial plexus is divided into roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and terminal branches. There are three trunks which are named the superior, middle, and inferior based on their locations in the body.

On the left side of the body, the gonadal vein drains into the renal vein. Remember this only happens on the left side. This is because the inferior vena cava is located on the right side of the body, making this a location issue.

The azygos vein runs along the esophagus and spine in the thoracic cavity. It get oxygen-poor blood from the intercostal muscles and drains into the superior vena cava.

The vertebral arteries serve to supply blood to the posterior head. They also run into the skull and branch together into the basilar artery. This artery runs along the cerebellum and supplies it and the brain stem with oxygenated blood.

The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that run though the axial region. This means the only correct choice is the ulnar nerve. The femoral and tibial nerves are located in the lower extremities and the phrenic nerve is located in the thoracic cavity.