Amendments: Balancing Freedom with Public Safety Practice Test

The substantial disruption test: student speech is protected unless it materially and substantially disrupts school operations or infringes the rights of others.

Strict scrutiny always applies in schools, so administrators must show a compelling interest and the least restrictive means for any discipline.

Schools may punish any political expression to maintain order, because students have no First Amendment rights on campus during the school day.

The captive audience doctrine allows schools to suppress any message that might offend classmates, regardless of disruption, to protect emotional safety.

Clear and present danger applies, requiring proof the armband creates an imminent threat of violence before any discipline can be imposed.