The Age of Progress and Modernity Practice Test

A secondary source on industrial modernity notes that European reformers celebrated scientific management and mechanization for raising output, but critics warned that factory discipline and repetitive labor could alienate workers and erode craft pride. The author frames this as a central tension of the Age of Progress: material abundance versus social dislocation. Which example best reflects the critics’ concern about alienation?

In an overview of the Age of Progress, a scholar argues that modernization created new social questions: rapid urbanization strained housing, sanitation, and family life, while industrial accidents and unemployment highlighted the risks of wage dependence. The scholar concludes that these pressures helped drive early welfare measures and labor protections. Which policy most directly addresses the risks of wage dependence described by the scholar?