Causation in the Age of Industrialization Practice Test

A scholarly account of early labor politics argues that factory discipline, wage cuts during downturns, and the legal vulnerability of worker combinations encouraged collective action. The account notes that strikes and petitions often escalated into demands for political inclusion when workers concluded that economic grievances could not be solved at the workshop level. Which political movement was most directly fostered by the dynamics described in the excerpt?

A scholarly synthesis of industrial-era gender relations argues that factory and clerical employment expanded women’s paid work in textiles, domestic service, and later offices, while middle-class ideals increasingly framed women as guardians of the home. The synthesis notes that these contradictory pressures generated campaigns to regulate women’s labor and to define “protective” limits on hours and conditions. Which development was most directly caused by the tensions described in the excerpt?