Introduction for Reactions - AP Chemistry
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Which option represents an exothermic reaction?
Which option represents an exothermic reaction?
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A reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat. Products have lower energy than reactants.
A reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat. Products have lower energy than reactants.
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What is a balanced chemical equation?
What is a balanced chemical equation?
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An equation where the number of each type of atom is equal on both sides. Follows the law of conservation of mass.
An equation where the number of each type of atom is equal on both sides. Follows the law of conservation of mass.
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Identify the symbol for an aqueous solution in chemical equations.
Identify the symbol for an aqueous solution in chemical equations.
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(aq). Indicates the substance is dissolved in water.
(aq). Indicates the substance is dissolved in water.
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What is activation energy in a chemical reaction?
What is activation energy in a chemical reaction?
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The minimum energy required to initiate a reaction. Energy barrier that must be overcome for reaction to proceed.
The minimum energy required to initiate a reaction. Energy barrier that must be overcome for reaction to proceed.
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What is chemical equilibrium?
What is chemical equilibrium?
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A state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. Forward and reverse reaction rates are equal at equilibrium.
A state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. Forward and reverse reaction rates are equal at equilibrium.
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State the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction.
State the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction.
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A substance that increases reaction rate without being consumed. Lowers activation energy by providing alternative pathway.
A substance that increases reaction rate without being consumed. Lowers activation energy by providing alternative pathway.
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Define the equilibrium constant, $K$.
Define the equilibrium constant, $K$.
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A ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium. Expressed as $K = \frac{[products]}{[reactants]}$ at constant temperature.
A ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium. Expressed as $K = \frac{[products]}{[reactants]}$ at constant temperature.
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State the law of conservation of mass in reactions.
State the law of conservation of mass in reactions.
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Mass is conserved; mass of reactants equals mass of products. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions.
Mass is conserved; mass of reactants equals mass of products. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions.
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Which factor increases the rate of a reaction?
Which factor increases the rate of a reaction?
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Increasing temperature, concentration, surface area, or adding a catalyst. These factors increase molecular collisions and energy.
Increasing temperature, concentration, surface area, or adding a catalyst. These factors increase molecular collisions and energy.
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State the collision theory of chemical reactions.
State the collision theory of chemical reactions.
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Reactions occur when particles collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation. Explains why reaction rate depends on concentration and temperature.
Reactions occur when particles collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation. Explains why reaction rate depends on concentration and temperature.
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Define reduction in terms of electron transfer.
Define reduction in terms of electron transfer.
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Gain of electrons. Oxidation number decreases when electrons are gained.
Gain of electrons. Oxidation number decreases when electrons are gained.
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What is a subscript in a chemical formula?
What is a subscript in a chemical formula?
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A number indicating the number of atoms of an element in a molecule. Cannot be changed when balancing chemical equations.
A number indicating the number of atoms of an element in a molecule. Cannot be changed when balancing chemical equations.
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What is meant by 'reaction mechanism'?
What is meant by 'reaction mechanism'?
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The step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions by which a chemical change occurs. Shows the detailed pathway from reactants to products.
The step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions by which a chemical change occurs. Shows the detailed pathway from reactants to products.
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Identify the reducing agent in a redox reaction.
Identify the reducing agent in a redox reaction.
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The substance that loses electrons. It causes oxidation by donating electrons to another species.
The substance that loses electrons. It causes oxidation by donating electrons to another species.
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What does a small $K$ value indicate about a reaction?
What does a small $K$ value indicate about a reaction?
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The reaction favors the formation of reactants. Equilibrium lies far to the left toward reactants.
The reaction favors the formation of reactants. Equilibrium lies far to the left toward reactants.
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Identify the oxidizing agent in a redox reaction.
Identify the oxidizing agent in a redox reaction.
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The substance that gains electrons. It causes reduction by accepting electrons from another species.
The substance that gains electrons. It causes reduction by accepting electrons from another species.
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What is a coefficient in a chemical equation?
What is a coefficient in a chemical equation?
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A number in front of a formula indicating the number of molecules. Changes coefficients to balance equations without altering formulas.
A number in front of a formula indicating the number of molecules. Changes coefficients to balance equations without altering formulas.
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What is meant by 'Le Chatelier's Principle'?
What is meant by 'Le Chatelier's Principle'?
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If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system will shift to counteract the disturbance. System responds to minimize the effect of external changes.
If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system will shift to counteract the disturbance. System responds to minimize the effect of external changes.
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Identify the type of reaction: $A + BC \rightarrow AC + B$
Identify the type of reaction: $A + BC \rightarrow AC + B$
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Single displacement reaction. One element replaces another in a compound.
Single displacement reaction. One element replaces another in a compound.
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Which factor affects the position of equilibrium?
Which factor affects the position of equilibrium?
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Changes in concentration, temperature, or pressure. These external changes shift equilibrium to relieve stress.
Changes in concentration, temperature, or pressure. These external changes shift equilibrium to relieve stress.
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Identify the symbol for a liquid in chemical equations.
Identify the symbol for a liquid in chemical equations.
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(l). Indicates the substance is in liquid state.
(l). Indicates the substance is in liquid state.
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What is a balanced chemical equation?
What is a balanced chemical equation?
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An equation where the number of each type of atom is equal on both sides. Follows the law of conservation of mass.
An equation where the number of each type of atom is equal on both sides. Follows the law of conservation of mass.
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Identify the symbol for an aqueous solution in chemical equations.
Identify the symbol for an aqueous solution in chemical equations.
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(aq). Indicates the substance is dissolved in water.
(aq). Indicates the substance is dissolved in water.
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What is activation energy in a chemical reaction?
What is activation energy in a chemical reaction?
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The minimum energy required to initiate a reaction. Energy barrier that must be overcome for reaction to proceed.
The minimum energy required to initiate a reaction. Energy barrier that must be overcome for reaction to proceed.
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What is chemical equilibrium?
What is chemical equilibrium?
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A state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. Forward and reverse reaction rates are equal at equilibrium.
A state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. Forward and reverse reaction rates are equal at equilibrium.
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State the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction.
State the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction.
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A substance that increases reaction rate without being consumed. Lowers activation energy by providing alternative pathway.
A substance that increases reaction rate without being consumed. Lowers activation energy by providing alternative pathway.
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What is meant by 'Le Chatelier's Principle'?
What is meant by 'Le Chatelier's Principle'?
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If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system will shift to counteract the disturbance. System responds to minimize the effect of external changes.
If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system will shift to counteract the disturbance. System responds to minimize the effect of external changes.
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State the collision theory of chemical reactions.
State the collision theory of chemical reactions.
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Reactions occur when particles collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation. Explains why reaction rate depends on concentration and temperature.
Reactions occur when particles collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation. Explains why reaction rate depends on concentration and temperature.
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Identify the reducing agent in a redox reaction.
Identify the reducing agent in a redox reaction.
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The substance that loses electrons. It causes oxidation by donating electrons to another species.
The substance that loses electrons. It causes oxidation by donating electrons to another species.
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What is meant by 'reaction mechanism'?
What is meant by 'reaction mechanism'?
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The step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions by which a chemical change occurs. Shows the detailed pathway from reactants to products.
The step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions by which a chemical change occurs. Shows the detailed pathway from reactants to products.
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