Photosynthesis - AP Biology
Card 1 of 30
Identify the two main stages of photosynthesis.
Identify the two main stages of photosynthesis.
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Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle. Light reactions produce ATP/NADPH; Calvin cycle fixes carbon.
Light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle. Light reactions produce ATP/NADPH; Calvin cycle fixes carbon.
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What enzyme catalyzes the fixation of CO$_2$ in the Calvin cycle?
What enzyme catalyzes the fixation of CO$_2$ in the Calvin cycle?
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Rubisco. Catalyzes the first step of carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
Rubisco. Catalyzes the first step of carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
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Which gas is a byproduct of photosynthesis?
Which gas is a byproduct of photosynthesis?
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Oxygen. Released when water molecules are split in photosystem II.
Oxygen. Released when water molecules are split in photosystem II.
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What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
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$6 \text{CO}_2 + 6 \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{light} \rightarrow \text{C}6\text{H}{12}\text{O}_6 + 6 \text{O}_2$. Converts light energy, water, and $\text{CO}_2$ into glucose and oxygen.
$6 \text{CO}_2 + 6 \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{light} \rightarrow \text{C}6\text{H}{12}\text{O}_6 + 6 \text{O}_2$. Converts light energy, water, and $\text{CO}_2$ into glucose and oxygen.
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What is the energy source for ATP synthesis during photosynthesis?
What is the energy source for ATP synthesis during photosynthesis?
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Proton gradient. Chemiosmotic force drives ATP synthase rotation.
Proton gradient. Chemiosmotic force drives ATP synthase rotation.
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In which part of the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle take place?
In which part of the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle take place?
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Stroma. Fluid-filled space surrounding thylakoids where carbon fixation occurs.
Stroma. Fluid-filled space surrounding thylakoids where carbon fixation occurs.
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What type of light do carotenoids absorb?
What type of light do carotenoids absorb?
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Blue and green light. Accessory pigments that broaden photosynthetic light absorption.
Blue and green light. Accessory pigments that broaden photosynthetic light absorption.
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What molecule is synthesized directly by photosystem I?
What molecule is synthesized directly by photosystem I?
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NADPH. Electron acceptor reduced at the end of photosystem I.
NADPH. Electron acceptor reduced at the end of photosystem I.
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What is the function of accessory pigments?
What is the function of accessory pigments?
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Expand the range of light absorption. Capture wavelengths chlorophyll cannot absorb efficiently.
Expand the range of light absorption. Capture wavelengths chlorophyll cannot absorb efficiently.
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What is the main purpose of cyclic electron flow?
What is the main purpose of cyclic electron flow?
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Produce ATP without NADPH. Balances ATP/NADPH ratio for optimal Calvin cycle function.
Produce ATP without NADPH. Balances ATP/NADPH ratio for optimal Calvin cycle function.
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What is the source of energy that drives the light-dependent reactions?
What is the source of energy that drives the light-dependent reactions?
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Sunlight. Provides photons that excite chlorophyll electrons.
Sunlight. Provides photons that excite chlorophyll electrons.
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What process in photosynthesis generates a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?
What process in photosynthesis generates a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?
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Electron transport chain. Creates proton concentration difference for ATP synthesis.
Electron transport chain. Creates proton concentration difference for ATP synthesis.
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What is the primary function of photosystem I?
What is the primary function of photosystem I?
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Produce NADPH. Reduces $\text{NADP}^+$ to NADPH using light energy.
Produce NADPH. Reduces $\text{NADP}^+$ to NADPH using light energy.
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What enzyme catalyzes the fixation of CO$_2$ in the Calvin cycle?
What enzyme catalyzes the fixation of CO$_2$ in the Calvin cycle?
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Rubisco. Catalyzes the first step of carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
Rubisco. Catalyzes the first step of carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
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What is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis?
What is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis?
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Chlorophyll. Green pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll. Green pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
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What is the initial electron donor in photosystem II?
What is the initial electron donor in photosystem II?
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Water (H$_2$O). Split to provide electrons and release oxygen gas.
Water (H$_2$O). Split to provide electrons and release oxygen gas.
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What molecule is produced by ATP synthase during photosynthesis?
What molecule is produced by ATP synthase during photosynthesis?
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ATP. Energy currency synthesized via chemiosmosis in thylakoids.
ATP. Energy currency synthesized via chemiosmosis in thylakoids.
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What is the main product of the Calvin cycle?
What is the main product of the Calvin cycle?
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Glucose. Six-carbon sugar formed from $\text{CO}_2$ fixation and reduction.
Glucose. Six-carbon sugar formed from $\text{CO}_2$ fixation and reduction.
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Identify the three phases of the Calvin cycle.
Identify the three phases of the Calvin cycle.
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Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration. Sequential steps that convert $\text{CO}_2$ into glucose precursors.
Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration. Sequential steps that convert $\text{CO}_2$ into glucose precursors.
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What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
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$6 \text{CO}_2 + 6 \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{light} \rightarrow \text{C}6\text{H}{12}\text{O}_6 + 6 \text{O}_2$. Converts light energy, water, and $\text{CO}_2$ into glucose and oxygen.
$6 \text{CO}_2 + 6 \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{light} \rightarrow \text{C}6\text{H}{12}\text{O}_6 + 6 \text{O}_2$. Converts light energy, water, and $\text{CO}_2$ into glucose and oxygen.
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Which gas is a byproduct of photosynthesis?
Which gas is a byproduct of photosynthesis?
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Oxygen. Released when water molecules are split in photosystem II.
Oxygen. Released when water molecules are split in photosystem II.
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Which molecule acts as the primary carrier of chemical energy in cells?
Which molecule acts as the primary carrier of chemical energy in cells?
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ATP. Stores and transfers energy in phosphate bonds.
ATP. Stores and transfers energy in phosphate bonds.
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What is the main difference between C3 and C4 plants?
What is the main difference between C3 and C4 plants?
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C4 plants fix CO$_2$ into a 4-carbon compound. Spatial separation reduces photorespiration in hot climates.
C4 plants fix CO$_2$ into a 4-carbon compound. Spatial separation reduces photorespiration in hot climates.
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What is the role of water in the light-dependent reactions?
What is the role of water in the light-dependent reactions?
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Electron donor. Provides electrons when split by photosystem II.
Electron donor. Provides electrons when split by photosystem II.
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What does NADPH provide in the Calvin cycle?
What does NADPH provide in the Calvin cycle?
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Reducing power. Donates electrons for carbon dioxide reduction reactions.
Reducing power. Donates electrons for carbon dioxide reduction reactions.
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What molecule is the primary electron carrier in photosynthesis?
What molecule is the primary electron carrier in photosynthesis?
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NADP$^+$. Accepts electrons to form NADPH for the Calvin cycle.
NADP$^+$. Accepts electrons to form NADPH for the Calvin cycle.
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Name the 3-carbon molecule produced in the Calvin cycle.
Name the 3-carbon molecule produced in the Calvin cycle.
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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Precursor molecule used to synthesize glucose and regenerate RuBP.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Precursor molecule used to synthesize glucose and regenerate RuBP.
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In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?
In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?
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Chloroplast. Contains thylakoids and stroma where photosynthetic reactions occur.
Chloroplast. Contains thylakoids and stroma where photosynthetic reactions occur.
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Which component of the chloroplast contains chlorophyll?
Which component of the chloroplast contains chlorophyll?
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Thylakoid. Membrane structures that house photosynthetic pigments.
Thylakoid. Membrane structures that house photosynthetic pigments.
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Which molecule is regenerated in the Calvin cycle to accept CO$_2$?
Which molecule is regenerated in the Calvin cycle to accept CO$_2$?
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Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Five-carbon acceptor molecule for $\text{CO}_2$ in carbon fixation.
Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Five-carbon acceptor molecule for $\text{CO}_2$ in carbon fixation.
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