ACT English Quiz: Word Choice

PASSAGE IV: The Violin Doctor

¹ In a small, dust-mote-filled workshop in Chicago, Elena creates voices. She is a luthier, a craftsperson (36) who specializes in the repair and restoration of stringed instruments. While the world is full of mass-produced violins, Elena works on the "sick" ones—antique instruments that have suffered centuries of wear, weather, and neglect. Her patients are often older than the country she lives in.

² To the untrained eye, a crack in a violin's body looks like a simple fracture in wood. To Elena, it is a wound in the instrument's soul. Fixing it requires more than just (37) glue, it demands an understanding of physics, chemistry, and history. She begins by removing the top plate, a delicate operation performed with a thin, heated knife. Once the instrument is open, she can see the internal architecture: the bass bar, the soundpost, and the lining strips.

³ (38) Elena's most recent project was a cello from 1790. It had been crushed in a shipping accident, its ribs splintered and its varnish scarred. Most luthiers would have declared it a total loss. Elena, (39) however, saw potential. She spent three months humidifying the wood to restore its shape. Then, using tiny "cleats"—small squares of spruce—she reinforced the cracks from the inside. (40) Each cleat had to be carved by hand to match the grain of the original wood.

⁴ The final step is the varnish. Modern synthetic varnishes are durable, but they stifle the sound. Elena mixes her own recipes using natural resins like amber, mastic, and sandarac. She applies the varnish in microscopic layers, (41) polishing each one with a cloth dipped in olive oil and rottenstone. This process can take weeks, but it is essential. The varnish must protect the wood while allowing it to vibrate freely, a paradox that has challenged makers for centuries.

⁵ When the cello was finally strung and tuned, Elena played a single low note. The sound was rich and dark, filling the small room with a resonance that felt physical. It was no longer a broken collection of wood; it was a living thing again. (42) Elena smiled, wiping the rosin dust from her hands. She isn't just fixing instruments; she is preserving history, one note at a time. (43)

Which of the following alternatives to the underlined portion would be LEAST acceptable?

PASSAGE I: The Golden Seam

¹ In Western cultures, a shattered ceramic bowl is usually destined for the trash. If an attempt is made to repair it, the goal is often to hide the cracks, rendering the object as close to its original, pristine state (1) as possible as it can be. However, a centuries-old Japanese art form takes the exact opposite approach. Known as kintsugi, which translates to "golden joinery," this technique does not disguise the damage. Instead, it highlights the fractures (2) with a super-expensive lacquer mixed up with gold, silver, or platinum.

² The origins of kintsugi are traced back to the late fifteenth century. According to legend, Japanese shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa broke his favorite tea bowl and sent it to China for repairs. When the bowl was returned, it had been stitched back together with ugly metal staples. (3) Displeased with the aesthetic, the shogun challenged his local craftsmen to find a more beautiful solution. The result was kintsugi.

³ The process of kintsugi is meticulous and time-consuming. First, the artisan must gather all the broken pieces and clean them thoroughly. Next, a natural adhesive called urushi—a sap extracted from the Chinese lacquer tree(4) are carefully applied to the edges. Because urushi is highly toxic in its raw state, artisans must wear protective gear(5) during this phase of the process. The pieces are pressed back together, and the bowl is placed in a warm, humid environment to cure. This curing process can take several weeks.(6)

⁴ Once the lacquer has fully hardened, the true artistry begins. The artisan sands the seams flush with the surface of the ceramic. Then, a final layer of urushi is applied to the cracks. Before this layer dries, the artisan gently brushes the powdered gold over the sticky sap.(7) The gold adheres to the lines, transforming the chaotic web of fractures into a luminous, deliberate design.

⁵(8) Consequently, kintsugi is more than just a repair method; it is a profound philosophical statement. It reflects the Japanese concept of wabi-sabi, which is the embrace of the flawed, the impermanent, and the incomplete.(9) Rather than throwing away a broken item, kintsugi teaches that the break is simply a chapter in the object's history. By illuminating the scars with gold, the artisan celebrates the object's survival. (10) The bowl becomes more beautiful not in spite of its brokenness, but because of it.

Which of the following alternatives to the underlined portion would be LEAST acceptable?

PASSAGE II: The Ghost in the Machine

¹ In 1920, a Russian physicist named Leon Theremin was conducting experiments with high-frequency oscillators when he noticed something strange. As he moved his hand near the (11) equipments circuits, the pitch of the audio signal changed. Theremin realized he had stumbled upon a completely new way to produce sound. He quickly adapted his laboratory apparatus into a musical instrument. It was officially named the aetherphone, but it soon became known simply as the theremin.

² (12) Unlike a piano, a guitar, or a flute, the theremin is played without physical contact. The instrument consists of a wooden box featuring two metal antennas: a vertical one on the right and a horizontal loop on the left. (13) The vertical antenna controls pitch, while the horizontal loop controls volume. As the player's hands move closer to or further from the antennas, they alter the electromagnetic fields surrounding them. This interference is translated into electrical signals, which are then amplified through a speaker.

³ Playing the theremin requires intense concentration and absolute physical control. Because there are no keys, frets, or strings to guide the musician, relying entirely on "muscle memory" and a flawless ear for relative pitch (14) is required. A tremor in the performer's hand, a shift in posture, or even a deep breath can unintentionally alter the pitch. (15) Many people try to play the theremin and give up after a few days.

⁴ When Leon Theremin demonstrated his invention to the public in the 1920s, audiences were mesmerized. The musician stood behind the box, waving their hands in the air like an orchestra conductor, (16) coaxing out ethereal, trembling melodies. (17) The sound was often compared, by critics, to a human voice singing a wordless, mournful tune. Classical composers began writing concertos specifically for the instrument.

⁵ Despite its initial popularity, the theremin was ultimately too difficult for the average person to master, so it never became a household instrument. (18) However, it found a second life in Hollywood. In the 1950s, film composers realized that the theremin's eerie, otherworldly wail was the perfect soundtrack for science fiction and psychological thriller movies. Whenever a flying saucer landed on screen or a character experienced a cinematic mental breakdown, the theremin was there to provide the sonic backdrop.

⁶ Today, the theremin is enjoying a modern resurgence. Contemporary artists use it to add a vintage, atmospheric layer to rock and electronic music. Though synthesizer technology has made it incredibly easy to produce identical sounds digitally, the physical magic of the theremin, (19) the act of pulling music out of thin air—remains utterly unique.

The writer wants to replace the underlined word 'coaxing' with a more straightforward word. Which of the following replacements would LEAST preserve the intended meaning of the sentence?

PASSAGE III: The Science of Art Restoration

¹ For centuries, the restoration of classic paintings relied on a delicate, and often dangerous, physical touch. Restorers used to rely on harsh (21) chemicals, these solvents could easily strip away original layers of paint along with the dirt. Today, however, the intersection of art and technology has introduced a new era of preservation. The use of modern lasers and X-ray fluorescence (22) are revolutionizing the way museums care for their most prized artifacts.

² One of the most significant breakthroughs in restoration is the use of laser ablation. When a painting has accumulated centuries of soot or discolored varnish, conservators can fire a highly focused laser at the canvas. The laser (23) safely vaporizes the layer of grime. Because the dirt absorbs light at a different frequency than the original pigments, the laser removes the filth without heating or damaging the artwork beneath it. (24) On the other hand, the painting can reveal (25) it's true, original colors for the first time in centuries.

³ (26) Peeling away the darkened varnish, the brilliant blue skies of Renaissance landscapes are suddenly revealed to the restorers. This process allows experts to see the brushstrokes exactly as the artist intended.

⁴ In addition to lasers, restorers now use X-ray fluorescence (XRF) scanners to map the chemical composition of a painting. By analyzing the metallic elements present in the pigments, such as the lead in white paint or the copper in green paint, XRF scanners can look through the top layer of art. (27) This technology has allowed historians to discover hidden sketches and abandoned compositions painted over by the artists themselves.

⁵ It takes years of specialized training to master these technologies. A modern conservator must be a hybrid: part art historian, part chemist, and part technician. They are ultimately (28) responsible of preserving human history. By combining a deep respect for antiquity with the power of modern physics, they ensure that (29) old, antique masterpieces will survive for future generations to study and enjoy. (30)

Which of the choices below makes the sentence most grammatically acceptable?

PASSAGE I: The Invisible Art of Noise

¹ When watching a movie, audiences usually focus on the actors' dialogue or the sweeping musical score. Rarely do they consider the crunch of footsteps in snow, the rustle of a silk dress, or the squeak of a saddle. Most viewers assume these sounds were recorded on set during filming. In reality, however, microphones are designed to pick up dialogue, not background noise. Most of the detailed sounds you hear (1) has been created weeks later in a studio by a specialized craftsperson known as a Foley artist.

² Named after Jack Foley, a sound editor at Universal Studios in the 1920s, the profession requires a unique blend of creativity and athleticism. Foley artists work on specialized stages containing recessed areas called "Foley pits." These pits hold different surfaces—gravel, dirt, hardwood, and more—that mimic real-world textures. To recreate the sound of a character walking, the artist watches the screen and mimics the actor's steps, (2) wearing the shoes that match the character's footwear. If the character is walking on broken glass, the artist steps on scattered ceramic tiles. (3) Having carefully selected the proper materials, the realistic sound is created.

³ The work involves more than just footsteps. Foley artists must be inventive to (4) generate sounds that do not exist in the real world. For a science fiction film, the sound of an alien egg hatching (5) might be created by squishing a honeydew melon. (6) On the other hand, the bone-crunching impact of a fistfight is often simulated by breaking stalks of celery or snapping carrots wrapped in a towel. The goal is realistic audio, even if the source is decidedly artificial.

⁴ Precision is critical. The sound must sync perfectly with the visual action. If a sword is drawn from a sheath one second too late, the illusion is shattered. Foley artists often perform "wild tracks," recording sounds without watching the picture, (7) but for complex scenes, they must perform in real-time, matching their movements to the actor's rhythm.

⁵ Despite their importance, Foley artists often go unrecognized. Their work is successful only when it goes unnoticed. (8) If the audience realizes the sound of a horse's hooves is actually two halves of a coconut shell being banged together, the magic is lost. Like a magician's trick, the art of Foley relies on misdirection.

⁶ Today, digital libraries offer thousands of pre-recorded sound effects. Many directors still prefer the custom touch of a human artist. A canned sound effect is static and repetitive, (9) whereas a Foley performance is organic. It breathes life into the visual image, giving weight and texture to the world on screen. (10) The next time you watch an old horror movie, remember that someone might be standing in a studio, slowly twisting an old rusty hinge.(11)

Which of the following alternatives to the underlined portion would be LEAST acceptable?

During the student council meeting, Maya proposed extending library hours, noting that many students work after school and can only study in the evening. She emphasized that the change would affect students who rely on the library's computers for homework and college applications.

Which choice most precisely expresses the intended meaning?

The project will proceed as planned despite the challenges. Which choice most precisely expresses the intended meaning?

The survey results will affect the company's future strategy. Which choice is the most appropriate for the context?

The lab manual explained that the class would first record the mass of each sample and than calculate density by dividing mass by volume. The steps needed to be followed in order to avoid mistakes.

Which choice most precisely expresses the intended meaning?

In the debate, one speaker claimed the policy would save money, but she didn't provide any figures. Her opponent asked for evidence, noting that the claim was too general to evaluate without specific costs and timelines.

Which choice most precisely expresses the intended meaning?

PASSAGE V: Return of the Tallgrass

¹ Two centuries ago, the tallgrass prairie covered over 170 million acres of North America. It was a vast, emerald sea that stretched from Canada to Texas, supporting millions of bison, elk, and antelope. Today, less than 4% of this ecosystem remains. Most of the fertile soil was plowed under for corn and soybean farming. However, a new movement of "prairie restoration" is attempting to turn back the clock.

² Restoring a prairie is not as simple as planting grass seed. It requires a fundamental restructuring of the land. The first step is often (44) burning, the ground, to remove invasive species. Native prairie plants, such as big bluestem and switchgrass, have deep root systems that survive fire, (45) while invasive weeds are destroyed. This "prescribed burning" mimics the natural wildfires that historically kept the ecosystem healthy.

³ Once the invasive plants are removed, diversity is key. A healthy prairie contains hundreds of species of wildflowers and grasses. (46) For example, restorationists must harvest seeds from surviving remnant prairies—small patches of land along railroad tracks or in pioneer cemeteries that were never plowed. These seeds are precious. They represent the genetic memory of a landscape that has almost vanished.

⁴ (47) Let us not forget about the story of the bison. At the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge in Iowa, the reintroduction of bison has accelerated the recovery process. Bison are "keystone species." As they graze, they clip the grass at different heights, creating niches for ground-nesting birds. (48) Their hooves disturb the soil, allowing new seeds to germinate. Even their wallowing pits—depressions made by rolling in the dirt—fill with rainwater and become temporary ponds for amphibians.

⁵ The goal of these projects is not just nostalgia; it is resilience. Prairie plants have roots that can extend twelve feet underground, (49) making them incredibly efficient at carbon storage and water filtration. In an era of climate change and soil erosion, the ancient technology of the prairie may be exactly what the future needs. (50)

Which choice indicates that the root systems play an active role in environmental protection?

The new policy will affect all employees within the department. Which word best fits the meaning of the sentence?

She found the new novel to be quite different than what she had expected. Which choice is the most appropriate for the context?

In her lab report, Maya described how adding salt to ice lowered the freezing point and caused the mixture to melt faster. She wanted to emphasize that the salt changed the outcome of the experiment. However, one sentence reads, "The salt had a noticeable affect on the melting rate." Which choice is the most appropriate for the context?

A science club announcement invited students to a workshop on building simple circuits. The announcement emphasized that no prior experience was necessary and that materials would be available at the event. It ended with: "If you're interested, sign up in Friday so we can prepare enough kits." Which choice is the most appropriate for the context?

"The Vertical Forests of Milan\n\n¹ In 2014, the skyline of Milan, Italy, began to change in a way that surprised many observers. Two residential towers, known as Bosco Verticale (Vertical Forest), rose above the Porta Nuova district. At first, [1] Italian architect Stefano Boeri envisioned these structures, critics were skeptical. They claimed that planting trees on balconies was a gimmick that would cause structural issues. Boeri, however, believed the naysayers were totally wrong. [2]\n\n² Boeri's design called for the towers to host 900 trees, 5,000 shrubs, and 11,000 floral plants. This "living facade" not only improves air quality but also regulates temperature. The vegetation, which includes oak, beech, and larch trees act [3] as a natural shield against the intense Mediterranean sun. To ensure the safety of the structure, botanists tested the wind resistance of the trees in a wind tunnel. Similarly, [4] the engineering team reinforced the concrete balconies with steel to support the immense weight of the soil.\n\n³ The result is a self-sufficient ecosystem that changes colors with the seasons. In autumn, the leaves turn golden and red; in winter, they fall to let in sunlight. [5] Residents live nestled among the branches, enjoying a connection to nature rarely found in urban environments. Boeri's work has inspired similar projects in China and the Netherlands, proving that architecture and ecology can collaborate [6] to create sustainable cities. As cities grow denser, the Vertical Forest offers a blueprint for a greener future, demonstrating that nature need not be pushed, to the margins, [7] of urban life.\n\n⁴ The project's success suggests a new path forward for urban planning. [8] By integrating living systems into high-rise buildings, architects can help reduce the carbon footprint of cities. [9]"

Which choice is the most precise in this context?

PASSAGE V: Return of the Tallgrass

¹ Two centuries ago, the tallgrass prairie covered over 170 million acres of North America. It was a vast, emerald sea that stretched from Canada to Texas, supporting millions of bison, elk, and antelope. Today, less than 4% of this ecosystem remains. Most of the fertile soil was plowed under for corn and soybean farming. However, a new movement of "prairie restoration" is attempting to turn back the clock.

² Restoring a prairie is not as simple as planting grass seed. It requires a fundamental restructuring of the land. The first step is often (44) burning, the ground, to remove invasive species. Native prairie plants, such as big bluestem and switchgrass, have deep root systems that survive fire, (45) while invasive weeds are destroyed. This "prescribed burning" mimics the natural wildfires that historically kept the ecosystem healthy.

³ Once the invasive plants are removed, diversity is key. A healthy prairie contains hundreds of species of wildflowers and grasses. (46) For example, restorationists must harvest seeds from surviving remnant prairies—small patches of land along railroad tracks or in pioneer cemeteries that were never plowed. These seeds are precious. They represent the genetic memory of a landscape that has almost vanished.

⁴ (47) Let us not forget about the story of the bison. At the Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge in Iowa, the reintroduction of bison has accelerated the recovery process. Bison are "keystone species." As they graze, they clip the grass at different heights, creating niches for ground-nesting birds. (48) Their hooves disturb the soil, allowing new seeds to germinate. Even their wallowing pits—depressions made by rolling in the dirt—fill with rainwater and become temporary ponds for amphibians.

⁵ The goal of these projects is not just nostalgia; it is resilience. Prairie plants have roots that can extend twelve feet underground, (49) making them incredibly efficient at carbon storage and water filtration. In an era of climate change and soil erosion, the ancient technology of the prairie may be exactly what the future needs. (50)

Which choice indicates that the root systems play an active role in environmental protection?

A community newsletter reported that the library reduced its late fees after noticing that high fines discouraged patrons from returning overdue books. The article states that the new policy led to a smaller amount of overdue items on the shelves. Which choice most precisely expresses the intended meaning?

In her biology lab report, Keisha wrote that the class measured plant growth under different light colors. She added that the results seemed to imply that blue light produced the tallest seedlings, even though the sample size was small.

Which choice is the most appropriate for the context?

The number of volunteers who participated in the cleanup was impressive.